Notice on the cover, it says that of the 280 armed robbers cornered by NYPD'S stakeout unit, in 1968 in Harlem, only 40 "made" the cops shoot. That's 1 in 7, or 86% surrendered without a shot being fired. If the defender is smart, he will leave the attacker an escape route, and 90+% will take it, if you get your gun pointed at them in time. That will save youu about $50,000 normally spent staying out of prison or being sued penniless after shooting somebody.